System for wave analysis



into

0 for proper detectionunless the UNITED "si-Aras- :amers x nnrrnmmznnfor New Yonx, N. -Y..,'as`simon ATo 1mm. mLarHon'n ffff51,636,436 f.4

LABORATORIES, DTCOBEOBTED, 0F YORK, N. Y., A'CORPORATION 0F NEW Your. g

'SYSTEM ron wave aNLLYsIs.

appiicaaoa lami November 1, 192s. serial no. saw. 7

This invention relates to a s stem for wave analysis and more particular y to a method and means for determining the' ratio of uniiiodulated carrier to verally termed in radio practice, the degree of modulation.

In carrier transmission s ystems it is in general desirable to know t e ratio of the amplitude of the uiiinodulated carrier to that of the modulated carrier component or sideband in order that proper adjustments may be made to insure ltransmission in which the reproduced signal is not appreciably dis.

rte

Should the ratio of carrier to sideband fall below a certain minimum value the received'signal will be distorted in the receiving detector `due to lack Vof sucient carrier roper quane receiving tity of carrier be supplied at t It is dilicult in practice to mainterminal.

tain the carrier at the necessary amplitudedue to ossible variations in thc output cui'- rent opdiderent types of transmitting apparatus and changes in the transmission medium. l

Various methods have been suggested for determining this ratio, such as Calibrating the transmitting apparatus, or by using filters to select the sidebaiids and the carrier rwliich are then impressed upon separate channels and measured.

The first mentioned method is adapted to give only approximate values since the input may not always remain constant. It is subject to change iii accordance with line conditions and other variations occurring in the system. Furthermore, this method does not. take into account variations in the electrical properties of the apparatus itself,

since the signal is measured in the input circuit of the transmitter and notvii the transmission circuit or line. The second mentoned method is impracticable, inasmuch.

Sas the frequency spacing'hetiveen unmodulated andA modulated carrier components is normally so small that complete 'separation i by means of filters is extremely difficult.'

In order to properly insure that the quality of the transmitted signal shall not tall below a given standard it is desirable to the sideband ,compo- 5 nent ofthe modulated carrier, or as it is gen- 'determinethe amplitude of both the sideband component and the unmodulated component. of the carrier and to control the ratio of the amplitudes of these components during the operation of the system and under operating conditions, in such manner that the ratio will not decrease below a certain minimum value as determined by the apparatus involved and the desired quality of transmission.

A11 object of the invention is to utilize a modulated carrier wave to roduce indications from which the ratio otP the amplitudes of its components may be ascertained. Another object is to permit the ratio of 'the amplitudes of the carrier and sidebaiid coniponents of a modulated carrier wave present in a transmission circuit to be ascer- 70 tained. A still further object is to measure the amplitudes of the carrier and sideband components transmitted in a signaling system.

A feature' of the invention is to provide an arrangement in which the modulated wave ma be directly used to indicate the ratio and7 amplitudes of its modulated and unmodulated components. v

These objects and others, which will be apparent as the nature of the invention is disclosed, are accomplished in accordance with this inventionby impressing the wave to be analyzed upon two channels. In one channel is included a peak voltmeter or an amplifier, according to the system employed, and in the second channel is included a'. detector. The indications produced in the `tvvo channels vary in accordance with different laws as the relative proportions of carrier and sideband currents arevaried and, accordingly, from a comparison of the tivo indications in anypaiticular case, 'it is possible to arrive at the respective values of the tvro currents. l

Although the novel features which are believed to be characteristic of this invention vrill be pointed out with articularity in the claims appended hereto, t e invention l itself, as to its objects and advantages, the

mode of its operationNand themanner of its -or anization may be better understoodl by re erring to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying f lo v resented 1n the dmwin l be used in explanation of the operation-ofl drawing forming a part thereof in ivhichfg' Fig. 1 isa dragrammaticrepresentation one embodiment of this 'invention 'Iigs .2 and'3 show. modifications thereof Figs. 4 5 show aseriesof curvesytb intended to represent 1n la general manner any source of waves to be measured which may be a transmission line, or the output circuit of a radio transmission system. Current from sou rce 1 is passed through resistance 8 whlch is in multiple with load, resistance 2 and which should be of suliiciently high value to prevent short-circuiting the source and to insure a negligible power loss to the transmitting circuit. This-resistance in any acceptable manner.

device may becoupled to the supply source The potential developed across resistance 2 with load resistance 2, which controls the energy transferred to the input circuits of space discharge devices 4 and 5. Device 4 operates as a peak voltmeter of the type disclosed in U. S. patent to Heising 1,232,- 919, issued July 10', 1917. Polarizing potential is supplied to the grid from battery 16 through potentiometer 17 and resistance 7. The space current is furnished by battery 11 and is indicated by the galvanometer V1. In the normal condition, potentiometer 17 isadjusted so that the negative potential on the grid is just sufficient to reduce the space current to zero. `When a wave from the source 1 is impressed on the grid, the space current balance is disturbed and ma be restored by adjusting potentiometer 1 to increase the negative potential, on the grid by an amount equal to the maximum, or peak, voltage of the wave. The value of the peak voltage may then be estimated in the orlator, of the type in which modulation is effected b the non-linearity of the current- ,l voltagec aracteristic. The principles underlying the operation of detectors of this WPG',- O which the name square law detector has been applied, are discussed at length in U. S. patent to Carson 1,448,702, issued March 13, 1923, and also inthe proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, vol. 7, No. 2, April, 1919, pages 187 to 200. A salient characteristic of the square law detector is that. signal frequency is reproduced with an amplitude proportional to,- the product ofthe carrier wave amplitude and the amplitude of the sideband current.

Thel grid of device 5 is polarized at a lThe anode circuit of space discharge device 5 is connected to A. C.- ivoltmeterV, f f through filter F which is adapted to pass signal frequency currents only. Signal' freis impressedV Vupon potentiometer 3, connected in parallel suitable potential by means of battery 6 and Y resistance 7. Blocking oondensers 8 prevent current from the grid batteries fromilow-v ing to yground through potentiometerl.`

quency choke coil 9 prevents signal fre- Y quency currents vfrom passing through source 11. Variable resistance 10, connected in shunt to voltmeter V2, may be adjusted for calibration purposes.

AIn the system shown in Fig. 2, elements corresponding to those shown in Fig. 1 are indicated by similar reference numerals. In this system the circuit arran ement is similar to that shown in Fig. 1, ut space discharge device 4 is operated as an amplifier instead' of as a peak voltmeter. Choke 9 is inserted between source 11 and the anode of amplifier 4 to prevent amplilied alternating currents being short-circnited around meter V, which in this case is an A. C. voltmeter.

The system of Fig. 3 is similar to that of Fi 2 and corresponding parts' are identified by similar reference characters. In this system, however, the amplifier channel and the channel including a detector are connected in tandem instead of in parallel as in Figs. 1 and 2.

Meter Vs is coupled by transformer 12 to the output circuit of amplifier tube 4. Grid polarizing potential is supplied to detector 1w l tube 5 by source 13.

The operation of this system is similar to that of Fig. 2 as will be hereinafter set forth.

The operation of the above described sys- Atems may be explained by referring to the series of curves for an ideal system shown in Fig. 4. The physical circuit will in general have slightly different characteristics than those shown, although the following characteristics are good approximations. Voltmeter V1 of Fig. 1 will indicate peak voltage values only which, in the case of a modulated carrier system, correspond to the carrier plus the side-band or C-l-S. For a given value of the peak voltage the carrier wave amplitude C and sideband wave amplitude S may have Widely ranging values. Various values of C and S are shown in diagram a of Fig. 4, in which C is plotted as a function of S when C+S=K K2, and Kr 12o Voltmcter V2, being in the plate circuit of a square law detector, registers the product of C and S or CS. Values of C and S when CS=L L2, and L, are plotted in diagram b, Fig. 4. The value of C-i-S being determined by the peak voltmeter and the value of CS being determined by voltmeter V the absolute values of the .amplitudes of the unmodulated components and the side-band component may be found by superimposmg i thel curves of a and b as shown in diagram c,

y by the point at which these Fig. 4, since thesevalues will be identified These values may.also be determined by solving the two equations C-l-SzK1 andCS=L,.

`Although these curves intersect at two l points, no confusion willV arise as the carrier to read the ratio greater in. amplitude fthan the side-hand.' 1 j f The operation of the systems shown in Figs. 2 and 3 will be apparent from the Eeries of curvesA shown in Fig. 5.l Voltmeter current` instrument will indicate the value of the relationship between and S for various constant values K1, K2 and K3 of the'v being shown by the curves a of Fig. 5. Volt meter V2 will indicate the valuel of CS in the same manner as thepvoltmeter V, as shown in Fig. 1. In superposing curves a and b of Fig. 5, the. absolute values of C and S will be determined as shown b curves c, or the two equations C24-S2: ,2 and CS=LI ma be solved for C and S. Voltmeter V2 o Figs, 2 and 3 may, however, be calibrated t0 read the ratio of carrier to sideband provided potentiometer 3 is adjusted in such a manner that a given deflection of voltmeter Vs is obtained when the wave to be measured is impressed thereon. In this case the deflection of voltmeter V, is noted and the ratio determined by referrin to a chart or by having voltmeter V, gra uated dlrect. Y

By means of the above described systems the actual amplitudes of the modulated and unmodulated components of a wave in the transmission line or in the output circuit of a radio transmitting apparatus may be determined.

The system is adapted to operate at various frequencies, consequently a modulated carrier wave comprisin components of different frequencies may ie measured as readily as a single tone and the apparatus may be calibrated to read direc ascertained. f v

The above described apparatus is particularly adapted for use in radio broadcast i n stallations where the ra-tio of the carrier to the side-band in the radiated wave must be ly the ratio to be constantly observed an'd the broadcast o erator must termination A direct reading meter, such as this invention provides, is essential where the measbe relied upon to make this enoszaaac curves intersect.v`

'as defined by the following claims.. f

-tudes of the components vthe resultant wave `nels, on, a space discharge amplifier included in no.

uring apparatus is to be operated in connection with commerciali transmitting installation 4by persons not skilled in laboratory measurements.

f Although this invention has been in accordance with the scope of the invention.

What is claimed is: Themethod of o f modulation of prises producing to a summation e'e'ct of amplitudes, and

tion proportional to the product of the comi ponent wave amplitudes, whereby thel ampliv may be separately determining the. degree the component wave ascertained.

2. The method of ascertainin the ratio of Si) l the carrier amplitude to the si amplitude in a signal modulated which comprises corresponding to the component wave amplitudes, and ducing a second indication proportional to the product of the component wave amplitudes whereb the amplitudes of the ccmponents may e separately determined.

eband wave carrier wave reducing an indication tlie sum of the square of In a system for determining the degree 9 of modulation of a signal modulated carrier wave, a pair of transmission channels, meansv 1n one channel for determining a summatlon efect of the wave components, and

means in the other channel to determine an 95 effect proportional to the 'product of the component wave amplitudes. 4. In .a system for'determining the ratio of carrier to side-band in a modulated carrier wave, a pair of transmission means for impressing said wave thereon, one 4 of said channels including an amplifier, the other or' said channels including a detector, and means for indicating the amplitude of` 5. A vsystem for determining the value of certain components of a transmitted wave which comprises a pair of transmission chanmeans for impressing said wave thereone of said channels, a space discharge detector included in the other of said channels, and indicating apparatus included in the output circuits of said space discharge devices whereby the ratios may be determined.

' In witness whereof, I hereunto subscribe my name this 31st day of October A. D.,

FRANCIS X. RETTENMEYER.

. shown-65m-y and described as appliedto a particular'sys-- v v tem, it is not to be limited thereto but only Y a carrier wave which comv an indication prOpOI'lOnal i producing a second' indica/- channels, 10

in each of said channels. 105.

of the desired components u 

